INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
The Chat Application market is experiencing robust growth, projected to achieve a compound annual growth rate CAGR of 10.00% during the forecast period. Valued at USD50Billion, the market is expected to reach USD100Billion by 2030, with a year-on-year growth rate of 12.00%. This upward trajectory is driven by factors such as evolving consumer preferences, technological advancements, and increased investment in innovation, positioning the market for significant expansion in the coming years. Companies should strategically focus on enhancing their offerings and exploring new market opportunities to capitalize on this growth potential.
Chat Application Market Size in (USD Billion) CAGR Growth Rate 10.00%
Study Period |
2019-2030 |
Market Size (2023): |
USD50Billion |
Market Size (2030): |
USD100Billion |
CAGR (2023 - 2030): |
10.00% |
Fastest Growing Region |
North America |
Dominating Region |
Asia-Pacific |
www.htfmarketinsights.com
The Chat Application Market is focused on platforms that allow users to communicate in real time via text, voice, or video. These apps are used for personal communication, business collaboration, customer service, and education. The demand for chat apps has surged due to the rise in remote work, social media communication, and customer service automation. These applications offer features like encryption, group chats, and integration with third-party tools.
Regulatory Framework
The Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry is primarily regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States, along with other national and international regulatory bodies. The FCC oversees the allocation of spectrum, ensures compliance with telecommunications laws, and fosters fair competition within the sector. It also establishes guidelines for data privacy, cybersecurity, and service accessibility, which are crucial for maintaining industry standards and protecting consumer interests.
Globally, various regulatory agencies, such as the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), play significant roles in standardizing practices and facilitating international cooperation. These bodies work together to create a cohesive regulatory framework that addresses emerging technologies, cross-border data flow, and infrastructure development. Their regulations aim to ensure the ICT industry's growth is both innovative and compliant with global standards, promoting a secure and competitive market environment.
Request for Customization
Get Customization
Key Highlights
• The Chat Application is growing at a CAGR of 10.00% during the forecasted period of 2019 to 2030
• Year on Year growth for the market is 12.00%
• Based on type, the market is bifurcated into Messaging Apps, Video Chat Apps, Collaboration Apps, Social Media Platforms
• Based on application, the market is segmented into Social Media, Business Communication, Education, Customer Service, Healthcare
• Global Import Export in terms of K Tons, K Units, and Metric Tons will be provided if Applicable based on industry best practice
Market Segmentation Analysis
Segmentation by Type
- Messaging Apps
- Video Chat Apps
- Collaboration Apps
- Social Media Platforms
Chat Application Market Segmentation by Type
www.htfmarketinsights.com
Segmentation by Application
- Social Media
- Business Communication
- Education
- Customer Service
- Healthcare
Chat Application Market Segmentation by Application
www.htfmarketinsights.com
Key Players
Several key players in the Chat Application market are strategically focusing on expanding their operations in developing regions to capture a larger market share, particularly as the year-on-year growth rate for the market stands at 12.00%. The companies featured in this profile were selected based on insights from primary experts, evaluating their market penetration, product offerings, and geographical reach. By targeting emerging markets, these companies aim to leverage new opportunities, enhance their competitive advantage, and drive revenue growth. This approach not only aligns with their overall business objectives but also positions them to respond effectively to the evolving demands of consumers in these regions.
- WhatsApp
- Facebook Messenger
- WeChat
- Slack
- Telegram
- Discord
- Skype
- Microsoft Teams
- Viber
- Line
- Signal
- Google Chat
- Zoom
- Kik
Chat Application Market Segmentation by Players
www.htfmarketinsights.com
Research Methodology
At HTF Market Intelligence, we pride ourselves on delivering comprehensive market research that combines both secondary and primary methodologies. Our secondary research involves rigorous analysis of existing data sources, such as industry reports, market databases, and competitive landscapes, to provide a robust foundation of market knowledge. This is complemented by our primary research services, where we gather firsthand data through surveys, interviews, and focus groups tailored specifically to your business needs. By integrating these approaches, we offer a thorough understanding of market trends, consumer behavior, and competitive dynamics, enabling you to make well-informed strategic decisions. We would welcome the opportunity to discuss how our research expertise can support your business objectives.
Market Dynamics
Market dynamics refer to the forces that influence the supply and demand of products and services within a market. These forces include factors such as consumer preferences, technological advancements, regulatory changes, economic conditions, and competitive actions. Understanding market dynamics is crucial for businesses as it helps them anticipate changes, identify opportunities, and mitigate risks.
By analyzing market dynamics, companies can better understand market trends, predict potential shifts, and develop strategic responses. This analysis enables businesses to align their product offerings, pricing strategies, and marketing efforts with evolving market conditions, ultimately leading to more informed decision-making and a stronger competitive position in the marketplace.
Market Driver
- Opportunities In Enterprise Communication Solutions
- AI-powered Chatbots
Market Trend
- Integration with AI for customer service
- use in telemedicine
Opportunity
- Opportunities In Enterprise Communication Solutions
- AI-powered Chatbots
Challenge
- Privacy Concerns
- Security Risks
- Market Saturation
Regional Outlook
The Asia-Pacific Region holds the largest market share in 2023 and is expected to grow at a good CAGR. The North America Region is the fastest-growing region due to increasing development and disposable income.
North America remains a leader, driven by innovation hubs like Silicon Valley and a strong demand for advanced technologies such as AI and cloud computing. Europe is characterized by robust regulatory frameworks and significant investments in digital transformation across sectors. Asia-Pacific is experiencing rapid growth, led by major markets like China and India, where increasing digital adoption and governmental initiatives are propelling ICT advancements.
The Middle East and Africa are witnessing steady expansion, driven by infrastructure development and growing internet penetration. Latin America and South America present emerging opportunities, with rising investments in digital infrastructure, though challenges like economic instability can impact growth. These regional differences highlight the need for tailored strategies in the global ICT market.
Regions
- North America
- LATAM
- West Europe
- Central & Eastern Europe
- Northern Europe
- Southern Europe
- East Asia
- Southeast Asia
- South Asia
- Central Asia
- Oceania
- MEA
Fastest Growing Region
North America

Dominating Region
Asia-Pacific

Report Features
|
Details
|
Base Year
|
2023
|
Based Year Market Size (2023)
|
USD50Billion
|
Historical Period Market Size (2019)
|
USD30Billion
|
CAGR (2023 to 2030)
|
10.00%
|
Forecast Period
|
2025 to 2030
|
Forecasted Period Market Size (2030)
|
USD100Billion
|
Scope of the Report
|
Messaging Apps, Video Chat Apps, Collaboration Apps, Social Media Platforms, Social Media, Business Communication, Education, Customer Service, Healthcare
|
Regions Covered
|
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, and MEA
|
Year on Year Growth
|
12.00%
|
Companies Covered
|
WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, WeChat, Slack, Telegram, Discord, Skype, Microsoft Teams, Viber, Line, Signal, Google Chat, Zoom, Kik
|
Customization Scope
|
15% Free Customization (For EG)
|
Delivery Format
|
PDF and Excel through Email
|
Chat Application - Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Market Preface
- 1.1 Global Chat Application Market Landscape
- 1.2 Scope of the Study
- 1.3 Relevant Findings & Stakeholder Advantages
Chapter 2: Strategic Overview
- 2.1 Global Chat Application Market Outlook
- 2.2 Total Addressable Market versus Serviceable Market
- 2.3 Market Rivalry Projection
Chapter 3 : Global Chat Application Market Business Environment & Changing Dynamics
-
3.1 Growth Drivers
- 3.1.1 Opportunities in enterprise communication solutions
- 3.1.2 AI-powered chatbots
-
3.2 Available Opportunities
- 3.2.1 Opportunities in enterprise communication solutions
-
3.3 Influencing Trends
- 3.3.1 Integration with AI for customer service
- 3.3.2 use in te
-
3.4 Challenges
- 3.4.1 Privacy concerns
- 3.4.2 security risks
- 3.4.3 market saturation
- 3.5 Regional Dynamics
Need only Qualitative Analysis? Get Prices
Sectional Purchase
Chapter 4 : Global Chat Application Industry Factors Assessment
- 4.1 Current Scenario
- 4.2 PEST Analysis
- 4.3 Business Environment - PORTER 5-Forces Analysis
- 4.3.1 Supplier Leverage
- 4.3.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers
- 4.3.3 Threat of Substitutes
- 4.3.4 Threat from New Entrant
- 4.3.5 Market Competition Level
- 4.4 Roadmap of Chat Application Market
- 4.5 Impact of Macro-Economic Factors
- 4.6 Market Entry Strategies
- 4.7 Political and Regulatory Landscape
- 4.8 Supply Chain Analysis
- 4.9 Impact of Tariff War
Chapter 5: Chat Application : Competition Benchmarking & Performance Evaluation
- 5.1 Global Chat Application Market Concentration Ratio
- 5.1.1 CR4, CR8 and HH Index
- 5.1.2 % Market Share - Top 3
- 5.1.3 Market Holding by Top 5
- 5.2 Market Position of Manufacturers by Chat Application Revenue 2023
- 5.3 BCG Matrix
- 5.3 Market Entropy
- 5.4 5C’s Analysis
- 5.5 Ansoff Matrix
Chapter 6: Global Chat Application Market: Company Profiles
- 6.1 WhatsApp
- 6.1.1 WhatsApp Company Overview
- 6.1.2 WhatsApp Product/Service Portfolio & Specifications
- 6.1.3 WhatsApp Key Financial Metrics
- 6.1.4 WhatsApp SWOT Analysis
- 6.1.5 WhatsApp Development Activities
- 6.2 Facebook Messenger
- 6.3 WeChat
- 6.4 Slack
- 6.5 Telegram
- 6.6 Discord
- 6.7 Skype
- 6.8 Microsoft Teams
- 6.9 Viber
- 6.10 Line
- 6.11 Signal
- 6.12 Google Chat
- 6.13 Zoom
- 6.14 Kik
- 6.15 SnapChat
To View a Complete List of Players? Inquiry Now
Sectional Purchase
Chapter 7 : Global Chat Application by Type & Application (2019-2030)
-
7.1 Global Chat Application Market Revenue Analysis (USD Million) by Type (2019-2023)
- 7.1.1 Messaging Apps
- 7.1.2 Video Chat Apps
- 7.1.3 Collaboration Apps
- 7.1.4 Social Media Platforms
- 7.1.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
7.2 Global Chat Application Market Revenue Analysis (USD Million) by Application (2019-2023)
- 7.2.1 Social Media
- 7.2.2 Business Communication
- 7.2.3 Education
- 7.2.4 Customer Service
- 7.2.5 Healthcare
-
7.3 Global Chat Application Market Revenue Analysis (USD Million) by Type (2023-2030)
-
7.4 Global Chat Application Market Revenue Analysis (USD Million) by Application (2023-2030)
Chapter 8 : North America Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 8.1 North America Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 8.1.1 United States
- 8.1.2 Canada
-
8.2 North America Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 8.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 8.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 8.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 8.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 8.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
8.3 North America Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 8.3.1 Social Media
- 8.3.2 Business Communication
- 8.3.3 Education
- 8.3.4 Customer Service
- 8.3.5 Healthcare
- 8.4 North America Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
8.5 North America Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
8.6 North America Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Looking for Section Purchase? Get Quote Now
Sectional Purchase
Chapter 9 : LATAM Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 9.1 LATAM Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 9.1.1 Brazil
- 9.1.2 Argentina
- 9.1.3 Chile
- 9.1.4 Mexico
- 9.1.5 Rest of LATAM
-
9.2 LATAM Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 9.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 9.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 9.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 9.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 9.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
9.3 LATAM Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 9.3.1 Social Media
- 9.3.2 Business Communication
- 9.3.3 Education
- 9.3.4 Customer Service
- 9.3.5 Healthcare
- 9.4 LATAM Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
9.5 LATAM Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
9.6 LATAM Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 10 : West Europe Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 10.1 West Europe Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 10.1.1 Germany
- 10.1.2 France
- 10.1.3 Benelux
- 10.1.4 Switzerland
- 10.1.5 Rest of West Europe
-
10.2 West Europe Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 10.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 10.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 10.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 10.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 10.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
10.3 West Europe Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 10.3.1 Social Media
- 10.3.2 Business Communication
- 10.3.3 Education
- 10.3.4 Customer Service
- 10.3.5 Healthcare
- 10.4 West Europe Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
10.5 West Europe Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
10.6 West Europe Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 11 : Central & Eastern Europe Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 11.1 Central & Eastern Europe Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 11.1.1 Bulgaria
- 11.1.2 Poland
- 11.1.3 Hungary
- 11.1.4 Romania
- 11.1.5 Rest of CEE
-
11.2 Central & Eastern Europe Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 11.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 11.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 11.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 11.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 11.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
11.3 Central & Eastern Europe Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 11.3.1 Social Media
- 11.3.2 Business Communication
- 11.3.3 Education
- 11.3.4 Customer Service
- 11.3.5 Healthcare
- 11.4 Central & Eastern Europe Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
11.5 Central & Eastern Europe Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
11.6 Central & Eastern Europe Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 12 : Northern Europe Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 12.1 Northern Europe Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 12.1.1 The United Kingdom
- 12.1.2 Sweden
- 12.1.3 Norway
- 12.1.4 Baltics
- 12.1.5 Ireland
- 12.1.6 Rest of Northern Europe
-
12.2 Northern Europe Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 12.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 12.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 12.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 12.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 12.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
12.3 Northern Europe Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 12.3.1 Social Media
- 12.3.2 Business Communication
- 12.3.3 Education
- 12.3.4 Customer Service
- 12.3.5 Healthcare
- 12.4 Northern Europe Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
12.5 Northern Europe Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
12.6 Northern Europe Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 13 : Southern Europe Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 13.1 Southern Europe Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 13.1.1 Spain
- 13.1.2 Italy
- 13.1.3 Portugal
- 13.1.4 Greece
- 13.1.5 Rest of Southern Europe
-
13.2 Southern Europe Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 13.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 13.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 13.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 13.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 13.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
13.3 Southern Europe Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 13.3.1 Social Media
- 13.3.2 Business Communication
- 13.3.3 Education
- 13.3.4 Customer Service
- 13.3.5 Healthcare
- 13.4 Southern Europe Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
13.5 Southern Europe Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
13.6 Southern Europe Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 14 : East Asia Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 14.1 East Asia Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 14.1.1 China
- 14.1.2 Japan
- 14.1.3 South Korea
- 14.1.4 Taiwan
- 14.1.5 Others
-
14.2 East Asia Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 14.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 14.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 14.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 14.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 14.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
14.3 East Asia Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 14.3.1 Social Media
- 14.3.2 Business Communication
- 14.3.3 Education
- 14.3.4 Customer Service
- 14.3.5 Healthcare
- 14.4 East Asia Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
14.5 East Asia Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
14.6 East Asia Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 15 : Southeast Asia Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 15.1 Southeast Asia Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 15.1.1 Vietnam
- 15.1.2 Singapore
- 15.1.3 Thailand
- 15.1.4 Malaysia
- 15.1.5 Indonesia
- 15.1.6 Philippines
- 15.1.7 Rest of SEA Countries
-
15.2 Southeast Asia Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 15.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 15.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 15.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 15.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 15.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
15.3 Southeast Asia Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 15.3.1 Social Media
- 15.3.2 Business Communication
- 15.3.3 Education
- 15.3.4 Customer Service
- 15.3.5 Healthcare
- 15.4 Southeast Asia Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
15.5 Southeast Asia Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
15.6 Southeast Asia Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 16 : South Asia Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 16.1 South Asia Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 16.1.1 India
- 16.1.2 Bangladesh
- 16.1.3 Others
-
16.2 South Asia Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 16.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 16.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 16.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 16.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 16.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
16.3 South Asia Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 16.3.1 Social Media
- 16.3.2 Business Communication
- 16.3.3 Education
- 16.3.4 Customer Service
- 16.3.5 Healthcare
- 16.4 South Asia Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
16.5 South Asia Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
16.6 South Asia Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 17 : Central Asia Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 17.1 Central Asia Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 17.1.1 Kazakhstan
- 17.1.2 Tajikistan
- 17.1.3 Others
-
17.2 Central Asia Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 17.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 17.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 17.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 17.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 17.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
17.3 Central Asia Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 17.3.1 Social Media
- 17.3.2 Business Communication
- 17.3.3 Education
- 17.3.4 Customer Service
- 17.3.5 Healthcare
- 17.4 Central Asia Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
17.5 Central Asia Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
17.6 Central Asia Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 18 : Oceania Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 18.1 Oceania Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 18.1.1 Australia
- 18.1.2 New Zealand
- 18.1.3 Others
-
18.2 Oceania Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 18.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 18.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 18.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 18.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 18.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
18.3 Oceania Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 18.3.1 Social Media
- 18.3.2 Business Communication
- 18.3.3 Education
- 18.3.4 Customer Service
- 18.3.5 Healthcare
- 18.4 Oceania Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
18.5 Oceania Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
18.6 Oceania Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 19 : MEA Chat Application Market Breakdown by Country, Type & Application
- 19.1 MEA Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 19.1.1 Turkey
- 19.1.2 South Africa
- 19.1.3 Egypt
- 19.1.4 UAE
- 19.1.5 Saudi Arabia
- 19.1.6 Israel
- 19.1.7 Rest of MEA
-
19.2 MEA Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 19.2.1 Messaging Apps
- 19.2.2 Video Chat Apps
- 19.2.3 Collaboration Apps
- 19.2.4 Social Media Platforms
- 19.2.5 Enterprise Solutions
-
19.3 MEA Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2019-2023]
- 19.3.1 Social Media
- 19.3.2 Business Communication
- 19.3.3 Education
- 19.3.4 Customer Service
- 19.3.5 Healthcare
- 19.4 MEA Chat Application Market by Country (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
19.5 MEA Chat Application Market by Type (USD Million) [2024-2030]
-
19.6 MEA Chat Application Market by Application (USD Million) [2024-2030]
Chapter 20: Research Findings & Conclusion
- 20.1 Key Findings
- 20.2 Conclusion
Chapter 21: Methodology and Data Source
-
21.1 Research Methodology & Approach
- 21.1.1 Research Program/Design
- 21.1.2 Market Size Estimation
- 21.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
-
21.2 Data Source
- 21.2.1 Secondary Sources
- 21.2.2 Primary Sources
Chapter 22: Appendix & Disclaimer
- 22.1 Acronyms & bibliography
- 22.2 Disclaimer